QUOTE(PaulParanoia @ Feb 28 2005, 06:38 PM)
Rich M
>Plus all that MDMA has shot the 30-somethings 5-HT receptors to sh1t. Great news! (All in a kind of ironic way, of course...)
I'm interested in this subject. Has there been a large number of people who took Ecstasy in the early 90's getting mental health problems as a result? If so, what sort? Just depression?
I vaguely knew about this, used pubmed to put some meat on the bones.
This is just a case report:
Psychol Rep. 2004 Aug;95(1):192-6.
Persistent neuropsychological problems after 7 years of abstinence from recreational Ecstasy (MDMA): a case study.
Soar K, Parrott AC, Fox HC.
Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of East London, UK. k.soar@uel.ac.uk
This case study concerns a 26-yr.-old male who had consumed large amounts of Ecstasy seven years previously. He stated that his increasingly intensive use of ecstasy over a 4-yr. period had led to the emergence of multiple psychiatric and psychological problems. Given these problems, he stopped using Ecstasy, but the problems had not resolved despite seven years of abstinence. The neurocognitive profile was very similar to that shown by current heavy Ecstasy users, with deficits in immediate and delayed verbal recall, moderately impaired memory function, but normal expressive language ability and perceptual functioning. Extremely high pathology was evident, including depression and phobic anxiety. Severe problems with sleep and sex were also reported. Further studies involving larger groups of abstinent former users are needed; adverse sequelae associated with intensive Ecstasy use may sometimes be enduring.
A more substantive study:
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Aug 16;75(2):135-47.
Residual neuropsychological effects of illicit 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in individuals with minimal exposure to other drugs.
Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr, Sherwood AR, Barry S, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd D.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA. john_halpern@hms.harvard.edu
BACKGROUND: A substantial literature suggests that users of illicit 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") display residual cognitive deficits. Most MDMA users, however, use other illicit drugs as well, so it is difficult to be certain that these deficits are due to MDMA, as opposed to other drug use or additional confounding factors. METHODS: We administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to 23 young MDMA users who reported minimal exposure to any other drugs, including alcohol, and to 16 comparison individuals equally involved with the rave subculture, but reporting no MDMA use. We compared the groups by regression analyses adjusting for numerous potentially confounding variables. To test for a possible dose-response effect, we also performed a median split of 12 moderate MDMA users (22-50 lifetime uses) and 11 heavy users (60-450 uses), and compared these subgroups with non-users. RESULTS: MDMA users as a whole performed worse than non-users on most test measures, but these comparisons rarely reached statistical significance. This picture changed markedly in the subgroup analysis: although moderate users displayed virtually no differences from non-users on any measures,
the heavy users displayed significant deficits on many measures, particularly those associated with mental processing speed and impulsivity. These differences did not appear explainable by differences in family-of-origin variables, verbal IQ, levels of depression, or time since last MDMA use. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of residual cognitive deficits, even among unusually "pure" frequent users of illicit MDMA, analyzed with adjustment for confounding variables, augments the evidence that MDMA itself, rather than some associated factor, is responsible for the deficits observed.
A great journal:
Psychol Med. 2004 Feb;34(2):229-46.
Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use.
Hanson KL, Luciana M.
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
BACKGROUND: Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study examined cognitive functioning in abstinent MDMA users and MDMA-naive controls. METHOD: Participants completed measures of intelligence, motor function, attention, memory span, verbal fluency, immediate and delayed verbal memory, and working memory. They were also assessed for the presence of psychopathology. In addition to comparing cognitive function in MDMA users relative to controls, the possibility that clinically dysfunctional MDMA use increases the risk of cognitive impairment was examined. RESULTS: MDMA users exhibited relative deficits in mnemonic and executive functions. Additionally, users that met DSM-IV substance use disorder criteria for lifetime MDMA abuse or dependence exhibited a number of additional deficits relative to those who did not meet these criteria. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that clinically dysfunctional, rather than purely recreational, MDMA use is associated with cognitive impairment. Future research studies of diverse samples of users may shed light on the mechanisms that underlie these differences.
My spider sense tells me, 2 Es ok, 100 Es bad... I'm not a clinician (yet) but would be happy to give pointers on a PM; the rest will go mad if I post anymore abstracts...